Demography and social economy

THE SOCIAL DIMENSION OF EUROPEAN INTEGRATION

Svitlana Sidenko — Wed, 10 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Ukraine associates the prospects of its further development with integration into the European Union. As an integral part of Europe, Ukraine is guided by the model of socio-economic development adopted by European countries. The European social model is particularly attractive as a complex of coordinated approaches to social policy characterized by a significant role of the state in regulating social issues, a high level of social protection, support for social equality and justice, as well as a strong trade union movement and broad worker’s rights. Therefore, it is urgent: to deepen the understanding of the functioning of the European social model in the new conditions of current global transformations; to ensure the preservation and development of human capital in the conditions of war in Ukraine; to reform the social system and bring it into conformity with European social standards in the context of Ukraine’s integration into the European Union. The social model in force in the European Union demonstrates its effectiveness; in particular, its member states occupy leading positions in the UNDP’s Human Development Index rankings and in quality of life indicators comprising material living conditions, health, education, environment, economic security, fundamental rights, etc. The article’s objective is to identify the features of the development of the European social model and social standards of the European Union in the context of ongoing global transformations, in particular, regarding the quality of life and resilience of the quality of life, which is of great importance for the preservation and development of human capital. The novelty of the article consists in the determination (based on the analysis of quality of life indicators in European Union countries) of mechanisms providing resilience of the quality of life in the context of threats and risks affecting human development. The research used methods of system analysis, scientific generalizations and comparisons, and economic and statistical analysis. It revealed that a number of factors — personal, national, and international, — influences the quality of life. This It determines the urgency of ensuring the resilience of the quality of life: the ability of a person to maintain or restore the quality of life, despite adverse factors or stressful situations, and to adapt to a changing environment. The author postulates that an important preventive mechanism against the negative impact of adverse factors on human development and quality of life are is social programs that operate, to a greater or lesser extent, in different European Union countries, targeting aiming at finding solutions to social problems and improving the quality of life of their citizens. In the context of Ukraine’s integration into the European legal, political and economic space, it is urgent to reform the social system, taking into account legal and social European standards, which involves improving the system of insurance system, pension provision, labor protection, social programs, and other areas of social policy.

REFERENCES / ЛІТЕРАТУРА

1. Cherenko, L. M., Poliakova, S. V., Shyshkin, V. S., Reut, A. G., Krykun, O. I., & Ko hatko, Yu. L., et al. (2023). The Quality of Life of Ukraine’s Population and the First Consequences of the War. Kyiv: Ptoukha Institute for Demography and Social Studies, NAS of Ukraine. Electronic edition.

[Черенько, Л. М., Полякова, С. В., Шишкін, В. С., Реут, А. Г., Крикун, О. І., Когатько, Ю. Л.та ін. (2023). Якість життя населення України та перші наслідки війни. Київ: Ін-т демогр. та соц. дослідж. ім. М. В. Птухи НАН України. Електронне видання].

2. Ryndzak, O. T. (2021). The Quality of Life of the Population: a Conceptualization of the Notion. Modern Economics, 29 (2021), 151—155. https://doi.org/10.31521/modecon. V29(2021)-23

[Риндзак, О. Т. (2021). Якість життя населення: концептуалізація поняття. Modern Economics, 29 (2021), 151—155].

3. Petrenko, V. S., Karnaushenko, A. S., & Melnіkova, K. V. (2023). EU Social Standards and their Impact on the Ukrainian Economy. Problems of Modern Transformations. Series: Economics and Management, 10. https://doi.org/10.54929/2786-5738-2023-10-02-03

[Петренко, В. С., Карнаушенко, А. С., & Мельникова, К. В. (2023). Соціальні стандарти ЄС та їх вплив на українську економіку. Проблеми сучасних трансформацій. Серія: економіка та управління, 10].

4. Nalyvaiko, L. (2022). Social policy and social protection in EU countries: current status and trends. Cientific Bulletin of Dnipro State University of Internal Affairs, 1, 7—12. https://doi.org/10.31733/2078-3566-2022-5-7-12

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5. Eurostat (2025). Quality of Life Database. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/quality-oflife/database

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[Розміри заробітної плати в Європі (2025)].

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10. Veremeyeva, T. (2025). Up to €35,000 a year: Which European countries have the highest pensions. RBC-Ukraine. https://www.rbc.ua/ukr/news/35-tisyach-evro-rik-kih-krayinahevropi-nayvishchi-1748593876.html

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11. OECD (2025). What is resilience and how to operationalize it? https://www.oecd.org/dac/ conflict-fragility-resilience/risk–resilience/#:~:text=Understanding%20resilience&text= Resilience%20is%20about%20addressing%20the,with%20risks%2C%20stresses%20 and%20shocks

12. Eurostat (2025). https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser

13. NUMBEO (2025). Quality of Life Index by Country 2025 Mid-Year. https://www.numbeo. com/quality-of-life/rankings_by_country.jsp

14. European Commission (2019). Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the European Council, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions. The European Green Deal. Brussels. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex:52019DC0640

THE IMPACT OF HAPPINESS INDEX COMPONENTS ON SOCIETAL RESILIENCE

Olena Makarova — Wed, 10 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The article discusses the issue of measuring the components of the happiness index and their connection with the resilience of society. The study is based on the ideas of behavioral economics regarding the importance of obtaining new knowledge of behavioral patterns and subjective factors of people’s behavioral strategies for building policies and making decisions both in conditions of crises and stressful situations, and for building long-term strategies for the resilient development of society. These issues are especially relevant for Ukraine, which is in a state of long-term crisis (war, destruction, human losses). People are faced with psychological trauma, instability and uncertainty. In such conditions, it is important to understand what behavioral forms help to maintain stability, adapt and recover both at the individual and collective levels. Ukraine must not only fight for its present, but also build the foundation of the future. In this sense, resilience is not a return to the old, but the creation of a new model of life with a society that is able to adapt to challenges, where trust, cohesion and civic responsibility reign. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to identify possible ways to influence people’s behavioral strategies in order to improve their well-being and ensure the resilient development of society. The article examines the basic methodological principles of measuring human happiness, which is used at the international level, provides a description and features of determining individual indicators. Based on data from many years of international research, an analysis of general trends in indicators was carried out and an emphasis was placed on subjective indicators that characterize the feeling of freedom, trust and willingness to help other people, as well as the emotional state of people. Certain crosscountry features and patterns were identified, an attempt was made to establish and explain the factors of influence and the relationships between various indicators. It has been found that traits such as mutual assistance, trust, adaptability and emotional stability significantly affect happiness indicators and allow people to maintain a high rating even in times of crisis and upheaval. Social support and cohesion allow people not to feel alone and to have a sense of security. Involvement in community activities gives a sense of meaning in life. Flexibility and adaptability, the ability to cope with change without stress and excessive anxiety, are also very important aspects. Trust in other people and in the state is directly related to a sense of happiness and well-being.

The study used methods of generalization of information, historical comparisons and analogies, statistical analysis, in particular Natural Breaks Classification (Jenks method) and correlation analysis, graphical method. Based on the conducted research and experience of other countries, general recommendations for building a strategy for resilient development of Ukraine are proposed.

REFERENCES / ЛІТЕРАТУРА

1. VanderWeele, T. J., Johnson, B. R., & Bialowolski, P. T. et al. (2025). The Global Flourishing Study: Study Profile and Initial Results on Flourishing. Nat. Mental Health, 3, 636— 653. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44220-025-00423-5

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7. Tsygvintsev, I. (2025). Political Socialization and Subjective Happiness of Generation Z In Ukraine: The Impact of War, Institutional Trust and the Information Environment. Political Studies, 1 (9), 137—153. https://doi.org/10.53317/2786-4774-2025-1-7

[Цигвінцев, І. (2025). Політична соціалізація та суб’єктивне щастя покоління Z в Україні: вплив війни, довіри до державних інституцій та інформаційного сере довища. Пοлітичні дослідження, 1 (9), 137—153].

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10. Dunn, E., Norton, M. (2013). Happy Money: The Science of Happier Spending. New York: Simon & Schuster.

11. Smith, J. A., Newman, K. M., Marsh, J., Keltner, D. (2020). The Gratitude Project. How the Science of Thankfulness Can Rewire Our Brains for Resilience, Optimism, and the Greater Good. New Harbinger Publications

12. Kramer, A. E. (2025). Why Anticorruption Watchdogs Are at the Heart of Ukraine’s Unrest. The New York Times Company. https://www.nytimes.com/2025/07/24/world/europe/ ukraine-protests-corruption-zelensky-military-spending.html

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14. Bhutan: Glück, Klima- und Naturschutz als nationaler Wert (2023). WWF Deutschland. https://www.n-tv.de/wirtschaft/Ist-Glueck-wirklich-wichtiger-als-Geld-article25442269.html

15. Riley, E. J. (2021). Sharedness as Belonging: Hospitality, Inclusion, and Equality among the Layene of Senegal. Religion and Society; New York, 12 (1), 191—202. https://doi.org/10.3167/arrs.2021.120115

STRUCTURAL EMPLOYMENT SHIFTS IN THE TRANSPORT SECTOR UNDER THE GREEN VEHICLE TRANSITION

Leonid Kistersky, Taras Popovskyi, Yurii Popovskyi — Wed, 10 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The article explores the impact of the development of green transportation on the employment structure in the transport sector in the context of environmental and technological changes. Particular attention is paid to quantitative and qualitative shifts in the occupational structure of labor. The purpose of the article is to identify the relationship between the spread of electric transport and the transformation of the professional structure of employment in the sector. A generalized framework is developed to illustrate the influence of ecological transport on the labor market, covering both quantitative and qualitative aspects of change. It is substantiated that the growth of electromobility and charging infrastructure contributes to the creation of new jobs, particularly in battery production, maintenance of charging stations, electric fleet management, and logistics. The study identifies key drivers of employment restructuring, including automation, shifts in production technologies, digitalization, and the strengthening of national climate policies. Forecast dynamics of green job creation through 2030 are evaluated, along with corresponding trends in traditional sectors (oil extraction, internal combustion engine manufacturing). The economic efficiency of electric versus internal combustion vehicles is compared, with particular focus on fuel costs, maintenance needs, and labor demand. The article analyzes the impact of investments in green transport on employment in EU countries, assessing the effectiveness of subsidy programs and ecological transition strategies. A correlation analysis reveals a statistically significant positive relationship between the level of electromobility development and job growth in the automotive sector, especially in countries with lower levels of automation. It is shown that industrial regions investing in infrastructure and workforce retraining have a higher potential for maintaining employment amid the green transition.

An analytical model is proposed for forecasting employment structure under growing electric vehicle market shares, enabling the evaluation of impacts on specific occupational groups. The demand for specialists in electrical engineering, software, battery technologies, and infrastructure solutions is expected to rise, while employment in traditional combustion-engine-related professions will decline. The need for employment policy adaptation in response to structural transformations in the transport sector is substantiated. A mix of quantitative and qualitative analytical methods was employed. These include correlation analysis to identify statistical relationships between electromobility and employment indicators; scenario forecasting to estimate labor market transformations by 2030; content analysis of EU policy documents and initiatives (e.g., the European Green Deal); and comparative analysis of the economic efficiency of electric and internal combustion vehicles in terms of fuel, main tenance, and labor. Elements of extrapolative modeling were also used to construct forecast scenarios of employment dynamics in sectors affected by the ecological transition.

REFERENCES / ЛІТЕРАТУРА

1. IRENA and ILO (2022). Renewable energy and jobs: Annual review 2022, International Renewable Energy Agency, Abu Dhabi and International Labour Organization, Geneva. https://www.irena.org/publications/2022/Sep/Renewable-Energy-and-Jobs-AnnualReview-2022

2. Urban, P., Rizos, V., Ounnas, A., Kassab, A., & Kalantaryan, Hayk (2023). Jobs for the Green Transition: Definitions, classifications and emerging trends. Centre for European Policy Studies (CEPS). https://circulareconomy.europa.eu/platform/sites/default/files/2023-09/ CEPS-In-depth-analysis-2023-12_Jobs-for-the-green-transition-1.pdf

3. Cedefop (2021). The green employment and skills transformation: insights from a European Green Deal skills forecast scenario. Luxembourg: Publications Office. http://data. europa.eu/doi/10.2801/112540

4. European Environment Agency (EEA) (2025). Employment in the environmental goods and services sector. https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/analysis/indicators/employment-inthe-environmental-goods

5. European Commission (2023). Commission welcomes completion of key ‘Fit for 55’ legislation, putting EU on track to exceed 2030 targets. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/ presscorner/detail/en/ip_23_4754

6. Transport & Environment. (2024). The auto industry in Europe: Why this is not an industry ‘crisis’. https://www.transportenvironment.org/uploads/files/2024_10_Briefing_ Not_an_auto-industry_crisis.pdf

7. Thiel, C., Julea, A., Acosta Iborra, B., De Miguel Echevarria, N., Peduzzi, E., & Pisoni, E. et al. (2019). Assessing the Impacts of Electric Vehicle Recharging Infrastructure Deployment Efforts in the European Union. Energies, 12 (12), 2409. https://doi.org/10.3390/ en12122409

8. Eurostat (2025). Environmental economy — statistics by Member State. https://ec.europa. eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Environmental_economy_%E2%80%93_ statistics_by_Member_State&oldid=571372

9. Petrovska О. М., & Nechayev А. Ю. (2024). Green-Collar Jobs: Prospects and Impact on Sustainable Economic Development. Problems of Modern Transformations. Series: Economics and Management, (14). https://doi.org/10.54929/2786-5738-2024-14-07-01

[Петровська, О. М., & Нечаєв, А. Ю. (2024). «Зелені» робочі місця: перспективи та вплив на сталий розвиток економіки. Проблеми сучасних трансформацій. Серія: економіка та управління, 14].

10. Shevchenko, O. O. (2017). Challenges of innovative transformations of the labor market. In Development of economic science at the present stage: collection of abstracts of the international scientific and practical internet conference, November 28, 2017, 41—43. Ternopil. http://ekmair.ukma.edu.ua/handle/123456789/13037

[Шевченко, О. О. (2017). Виклики інноваційних трансформацій ринку праці. Розвиток економічної науки на сучасному етапі: збірник тез доповідей міжнародної науково-практичної інтернет-конференції, 28 листоп. 2017 року, 41—43. Тернопіль].

11. Popovskiy, T. (2024). World experience in the development of renewable energy for the reconstruction of Ukraine. In: L. Kistersky & A. Zadoia (Eds.). Transformation and postwar economic recovery of Ukraine, 164—184. Cambridge Scholars Publishing.

12. Transport & Environment. (2018). Dramatic job creation finding e-vehicles study. https:// www.transportenvironment.org/articles/dramatic-job-creation-finding-e-vehicles-study

13. European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) (2024). What we do: Projects. https://www.ebrd.com/home/what-we-do/projects.html

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16. European Automobile Manufacturers’ Association (ACEA) (2025). Official Website. https://www.acea.auto/

17. Transport & Environment. (2024). The auto industry in Europe: Why this is not an industry ‘crisis’. https://www.transportenvironment.org/uploads/files/2024_10_Briefing_ Not_an_auto-industry_crisis.pdf

18. Ministry of Ecological Transition (2021). MaPrimeRénov’ is open to everyone in 2021. https://www.ecologie.gouv.fr/actualites/maprimerenov-souvre-tous-2021

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[Гудущан, Є. (2024). Скільки зарядних станцій потрібно в Європі: дослідження. ПрАТ «Телерадіокомпанія Люкс». «Auto24»].

REPRODUCTIVE ABORTION LOSSES IN THE FIRST YEARS OF THE FULL-SCALE WAR IN UKRAINE

Svitlana Aksyonova, Tetiana Garashchenko, Taras Potikha — Wed, 10 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Despite the decline in the number of abortions in Ukraine, this issue remains highly relevant. The sharp drop in birth rates during the full-scale invasion has intensified attention on reproductive losses, one of the key contributors to which is abortion. The aim of this study is to assess reproductive losses caused by abortions during the initial years of the Russian’s full-scale aggression against Ukraine and to identify potential ways to prevent them. The availability of statistical data from the Public Health Center of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine made it possible to analyze structural changes in the types of abortions and their distribution across different age groups of women. The study employed bibliosemantic, comparative, synthesis, generalization, and graphical methods. Reproductive losses due to abortions are determined for the first time for the period of full-scale invasion. In our opinion, all abortions, regardless of whether they are related to a woman’s reproductive behavior or her reproductive health, should be considered as reproductive losses. In Ukraine, the proportion of abortions is increasing due to the deterioration of women’s reproductive health, which is especially noticeable during the years of full-scale invasion. In 2023, out of every 1,000 all cases of pregnancies, 57 ended due to missed miscarriage. The proportion of spontaneous abortions is constantly increasing. These trends require efforts to improve women’s reproductive health. Almost two-thirds of abortions occur among women aged 20—34; however, their share is gradually decreasing, while the proportion of women of middle and older reproductive age is growing. To reduce reproductive losses, it is crucial to challenge widespread societal stereotypes about women’s “late” childbearing age, support women in continuing pregnancies in difficult life situations — such as after a partner’s death or injury — and enhance the effectiveness of pre-abortion counseling. If abortion could not be avoided, the post-abortion recovery process is important to enable desired future pregnancies and reduce reproductive losses.

REFERENCES/ЛІТЕРАТУРА

1. Zhilka, N., Shcherbinska, O., Hoida, N., & Holubchykov, M. (2024). The impact of national strategies on reproductive health preservation to improve the demographic situation in Ukraine. Reproductive Health of Women, 4, 8—15. https://doi.org/10.30841/ 2708-8731.4.2024.308990

[Жилка, Н., Щербінська, О., Гойда, Н., & Голубчиков, М. (2024). Вплив вітчизняних стратегій щодо збереження репродуктивного здоров’я на поліпшення демографічної ситуації в Україні. Репродуктивне здоров’я жінки, 4, 8—15].

2. Vovk, I. B., Tymchenko, O. I., Revenko, O. O., & Revenko, O. M. (2014). Abortion as a predictor of women’s reproductive health disorders. Health of Ukraine, 1, 44—47. https://health-ua.com/pics/pdf/ZU_2014_Akusher_1/44-47.pdf

[Вовк, І. Б., Тимченко, О. І., Ревенько, О. О., & Ревенько, О. М. (2014). Аборт — предиктор порушень репродуктивного здоров’я жінки. Здоров’я України, 1, 44—47].

3. Zhilka, N., Irkina, T., & Steshenko, V. (2001). Reproductive health status in Ukraine (medical-demographic review). Kyiv: Ministry of Health of Ukraine, Institute of Economics of the NAS of Ukraine.

[Жилка, Н., Іркіна, Т., & Стешенко, В. (2001). Стан репродуктивного здоров’я в Україні (медико-демографічний огляд). Київ: МОЗ України, Ін-т економіки НАН України].

4. Zhilka, N. Ya., Slabkyi, H. O., & Shcherbinska, O. S. (2021). Women’s reproductive health in Ukraine: literature review. Ukrainian Medical Journal, 60 (4), 65—69. https://doi.org/10.18370/2309-4117.2021.60.67-71

[Жилка, Н. Я., Слабкий, Г. О., & Щербінська, О. С. (2021). Стан репродуктивного здоров’я жінок в Україні. Огляд літератури. Український медичний часопис, 60 (4), 65—69].

5. Moiseenko, R. O., Zhilka, N. Ya., Hoida, N. H., Dudina, O. O., Holubchykov, M. V., & Oktysiuk, Zh. S. (2023). Reproductive health of Ukrainian women. Ukraine. Health of the Nation, 1, 51—59. https://doi.org/10.32782/2077-6594/2023.1/09

[Моісеєнко, Р. О., Жилка, Н. Я., Гойда, Н. Г., Дудіна, О. О., Голубчиков, М. В., & Октисюк, Ж. С. (2023). Стан репродуктивного здоров’я жінок України. Україна. Здоров’я нації, 1, 51—59].

6. Zhilka, N. Ya., Myroniuk, I. S., & Slabkyi, H. O. (2018). Characteristics of some indicators of reproductive health of the female population of Ukraine. Wiadomości Lekarskie, 71 (9), 1803—1808. https://salo.li/db2206B

[Жилка, Н. Я., Миронюк, І. С., & Слабкий, Г. О. (2018). Характеристика деяких показників репродуктивного здоров’я жіночого населення України. Новини медицини, 71 (9), 1803—1808].

7. Levchuk, N. M., & Perelli-Harris, B. (2010). Abortions and fertility in Ukraine: The “competition” continues? Demography and Social Economy, 2 (14), 64—74. https://doi.org/10.15407/dse2010.02.064

[Левчук, Н. М., & Переллі-Харріс, Б. (2010). Аборти та народжуваність в Україні. «Конкуренція» продовжується? Демографія та соціальна економіка, 2 (14), 64—74].

8. Vovk, I. B., Kornatska, A. H., & Trokhymovych, O. V. (2017). Early reproductive losses: the role of infectious-inflammatory diseases. Medical Aspects of Women’s Health. https://mazg.com.ua/ua/archive/2017/1%28105%29/pages-11-17/ranni-reproduktivni-vtratirol-infekciyno-zapalnih-zahvoryuvan

[Вовк, І. Б., Корнацька, А. Г., Трохимович, О. В. (2017). Ранні репродуктивні втрати: роль інфекційно-запальних захворювань. Медичні аспекти здоров’я жінки].

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MIGRATION AS A CHALLENGE, SOURCE, AND INSTRUMENT OF INDIVIDUAL AND SOCIETAL RESILIENCE

Olena Malynovska — Wed, 10 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Under the conditions of a large-scale, protracted war and the mass forced displacement of Ukraine’s population, research on the resilience of the state and the impact of migration processes on individual and societal resilience is of exceptional relevance. Accordingly, the purpose of this article is to analyze the interrelationship between resilience and migration in the specific historical context of Ukraine. To achieve this goal, general scientific methods of cognition were applied: systemic, structural-functional, comparative, and historical. The novelty of the results lies in identifying the relationship between migration and resilience and formulating recommendations for migration policy measures aimed at strengthening the resilience of individuals and society as a whole in the context of migration.

The article demonstrates the ambivalent impact of migration on resilience, which acts both as a challenge and as an instrument of individual and societal resilience. It highlights that forced population displacements generate considerable social, economic, cultural, and political risks, yet simultaneously protect individuals from threats to life and health while creating opportunities for rebuilding lives and pursuing further development. At the individual level, migration is associated with the loss of social ties, marginalization, and psychological trauma, but it also facilitates the formation of adaptive strategies and resilience. At the macro level, for countries of origin, population outflow reduces pressure on labor markets and social welfare systems, provides remittances that are vital for households and national economies, and contributes to the development of human capital through knowledge and skills acquired by migrants abroad, while simultaneously entailing risks of demographic decline and brain drain. For host countries, the inflow of migrants supports economic growth and labor force renewal, yet also generates challenges for social cohesion, potentially fueling societal radicalization and strengthening far-right movements. Migration’s influence on cultural and political resilience is ambivalent. For Ukrainian war refugees, the preservation of national identity, language, and culture has become both an act of resistance and a source of resilience, as well as a means of promoting Ukrainian culture abroad. At the same time, the cultural resilience of Ukrainians abroad — particularly among children and youth growing up in foreign cultural environments — faces significant challenges. Politically, Ukrainians abroad act as agents of public diplomacy, shaping public opinion in host societies and thereby encouraging governments to support Ukraine. Despite its negative consequences, the mass presence of Ukrainians abroad enhances the international legitimacy of the Ukrainian state and establishes new channels of influence on international relations through the diaspora.

The study concludes that resilience is a socially significant phenomenon and should therefore be recognized as a key objective of political action. Migration policy, as a tool of crisis management — particularly in addressing the destructive effects of mass forced displacements caused by armed conflict — should aim not only to mitigate risks but also to harness the potential of migration as a resource for Ukraine’s recovery and sustainable development during the war and throughout the post-war reconstruction process. Among the directions of such a policy are finding a sustainable solution to the problems of internally displaced persons in the interests of both the displaced and the host communities, creating conditions for the return of war refugees to their homeland, and strengthening ties with Ukrainians abroad as part of the Ukrainian nation.

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DEVELOPMENT OF NON-STATE PENSION PROVISION AS A FACTOR OF LONG-TERM DEMOGRAPHIC GROWTH

Nina Petrukha, Serhii Petrukha, Yevhenii Velykyi — Wed, 10 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The relevance of the article is justified by the need to find effective mechanisms to mitigate the effects of population aging and ensure the financial stability of the pension system in the context of demographic changes, which requires studying the role of non-state pension provision in the formation of long-term demographic trends. In view of this, the purpose of the article is to determine the role and impact of the development of non-state pension provision on the formation of long-term demographic trends, in particular, population aging and increasing life expectancy. The methodological basis of the study was the dialectical method, a systematic approach, abstraction and generalization techniques, comparative and statistical analysis, regression analysis. The novelty of the article lies in the comprehensive study of the impact of non-state pension provision on the long-term demographic development of Ukraine, in particular, population aging, financial stability of people of retirement age, labor activity and increasing life expectancy. A model of the dependence of average life expectancy at birth on the level of GDP per capita at purchasing power parity for countries of the world is built. The relationship between the level of economic development and demographic indicators, in particular in European countries and Ukraine, is substantiated. Factors and processes that influence the dynamics of the number of non-state pension funds and life insurance companies in Ukraine, as well as changes in the volume of their assets in 2015-2023, are identified. The distribution of participants in non-state pension funds by age groups and their contribution to the financial stability of the population is analyzed. A regression model of the dependence of pension payments of non-state pension funds on GDP per capita in Ukraine is constructed. The impact of non-state pension provision on demographic indicators, in particular population aging, labor activity and migration processes, is analyzed. Key factors are identified that are crucial for assessing the long-term demographic development of Ukraine and the role of non-state pension provision in shaping the financial stability of the aging population. Measures to stimulate population participation in non-state pension provision to organize the financial stability of the aging population are summarized. The development of non-state pension provision is an important tool for mitigating the effects of population aging, as it contributes to the financial stability of pensioners and reduces the burden on the state pension system. The analysis showed that there is a direct relationship between the level of economic development and the effectiveness of non-state pension provision, which is confirmed by international comparative data. The introduction of incentive measures, such as tax breaks and increasing the financial literacy of the population, is designed to significantly expand citizens’ participation in non-state pension provision and increase their level of social security.

REFERENCES / ЛІТЕРАТУРА

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GENDER EQUALITY INDEX IN UKRAINE: METHODOLOGY OF CALCULATION AND KEY RESULTS

Maryna Ogay, Maksym Otkydach, Tetyana Lukovych — Wed, 10 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

In the context of European integration processes, Ukraine faces the necessity of implementing international standards to ensuring gender equality. The urgent task is the harmonization of national legislation and policy with European standards in the area of equal opportunities for women and men. For effective monitoring of progress in this area, the application of modern European tools for assessing and analyzing gender equality is necessary, which will facilitate the integration of European principles into national policy. This article aims to highlight the results of adapting the European methodology for calculating the Gender Equality Index in Ukraine. This index is a key tool for comprehensive analysis of gender equality in the European Union’s 27 member states. The Gender Equality Index is a comprehensive indicator that measures progress toward achieving gender equality in various social areas, including six key domains of gender equality policy: work, money, knowledge, time, power, and health. The Gender Equality Index (GEI) was developed by the European Institute for Gender Equality in 2013. Thanks to the efforts of the Ukrainian Women’s Fund, in cooperation with the State Statistics Service of Ukraine and with advisory support from experts of the European Institute for Gender Equality, implementation of methodological approaches to its development in Ukraine became possible.The article presents the metho dol ogy for calculating the Gender Equality Index in Ukraine, based on the European experience of constructing this index. The components of the GEI are reviewed, and the principles of the GEI’s construction are detailed. Considerable attention is given to forming information support for calculating the Index in Ukraine. The results of the Index calculation in Ukraine are analyzed, and a comparative analysis is carried out with the average European Index estimates and the Index of EU member states. Despite the limitations of data collection in Ukraine during martial law and the absence of direct correspondences to certain indicators in European statistics, the expert team successfully collected data and calculated the values of 30 out of 31 Index indicators using only one proxy indicator. The Ukrainian Index is based on the same methodology as the European Index, ensuring comparability with EU member states. The calculations show that in 2023, the Gender Equality Index in Ukraine was 61.4 points. This is 8.8 points lower than the average for the 27 EU member states. In fact, this means that European standards and values in the field of gender equality are similar to those of women and men in Ukraine. Monitoring the values of the Index and its components is expected to provide a basis for assessing the state and dynamics of gender equality in Ukraine. This will allow for adequate comparison of Ukraine with EU member states in terms of gender equality achievements. It will also strengthen interregional cooperation and give impetus to the development of Ukraine’s capacity in gender statistics and gender equality policy evaluation.

REFERENCES / ЛІТЕРАТУРА

1. Barbieri, D., Bernardo, C., Eldermans, E. L., Mezza, A., Mollard, B., & Nahrgang, M. et al. (2023). Gender Equality Index 2023 Towards a green transition in transport and energy. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. https://doi:10.2839/64810

2. Barbieri, D., Fiore, A., Linkevičiūtė, J., Mollard, B., Nahrgang, M., & Peciukonis, V. et al. (2022). Gender Equality Index 2022: The COVID-19 pandemic and care. European Institute for Gender Equality. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. https://doi:10.2839/035888

3. EIGE (2017). Gender Equality Index 2017: Methodological Report. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. https://doi:10.2839/3514

4. Babovic, М. (2023). Gender Equality Index: Measuring progress in the Western Balkans. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. https://doi:10.2839/852703

5. Karađinović, N. (2022). Moving towards the Gender Equality Index: Bosnia and Herzegovina 2022. UN Women. United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women. https://eige.europa.eu/sites/default/files/eige-eng_web.pdf

6. Ermolenco, A., Covrig, N., Cojocaru, C., & Andronache, A. (2023). Gender Equality Index 2023. Trends regarding the level of equality between women and men in Moldova. Partnership Center for Development. Chişinău. https://progen.md/indexul-egalitatii-de-gen-2023/

7. Babović, M., & Miluka, J. (2020). Gender Equality Index for the Republic of Albania 2020. Tirana: Institute of Statistics. https://eige.europa.eu/sites/default/files/gender_equality_ index_albania.pdf

8. Ukrainian Women’s Fund (2025). Gender equality index in Ukraine. Kyiv. https://uwf.org. ua/en/gender-equality-index/

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DETERMINANTS OF ACCIDENTS AMONG CHILDREN UNDER FIVE IN ALGERIA: AN ANALYTICAL STUDY BASED ON THE 2019 MULTIPLE INDICATOR CLUSTER SURVEY (MICS6)

Wed, 10 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This article uses data from the 2019 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS6) to investigate the key determinants of accidents among children under the age of five in Algeria. It examines how a combination of demographic, social and economic factors influences the frequency and severity of accidents involving children. The study addresses the increasing recognition of the vulnerability of young children to unintentional injuries due to their limited risk perception, underdeveloped motor skills, and exploratory behaviour. Nevertheless, child accidents have not received sufficient attention in the public health policies of many countries in the Global South, including Algeria. Adopting a descriptive-analytical approach, the article relies on secondary data collected through MICS6 and supported by UNICEF, which was implemented by the Algerian Ministry of Health. The sample comprises over 15,000 children, with 852 reported cases of serious accidents. The analysis focuses on several explanatory variables, including the child’s gender, age, place of residence, their mother’s educational level and employment status, and the household’s standard of living. Statistical analysis combined with sociological interpretation was employed to reveal the relationships between these variables.

The findings show that gender plays a notable role: male children accounted for 55.63% of accidents, compared to 44.37% for females. This aligns with existing research linking higher accident rates among boys to greater engagement in physical and risk-taking behaviours, often reinforced by cultural norms around masculinity. Additionally, age was a critical factor. Children aged one and two experienced the highest accident rates (30.05% and 30.28%, respectively). This is a stage marked by increased mobility and curiosity, but lacking the cognitive and motor coordination necessary to avoid harm. By contrast, infants under one year old had a lower rate (21.25%), while children aged three and four experienced a gradual decrease, likely due to improved self-regulation and awareness. Place of residence also influenced accident risk: urban children accounted for 59.27% of cases, compared to 40.73% in rural areas. This may reflect the hazards of urban environments, such as dense populations, high traffic levels, limited play areas, and constrained parental supervision due to work commitments. Although the rate is lower in rural areas, children there face other dangers, such as exposure to agricultural work and unsafe household infrastructure. Furthermore, rural homes often serve as workplaces, increasing the likelihood of contact with hazardous tools and materials. A particularly intriguing aspect of the study was the non-linear relationship between maternal education and accident rates. Contrary to expectations, the lowest accident rate (8.69%) was observed among children whose mothers had no formal education. This rate then increased among those with primary (16.55%) and middle school (33.22%) education, before declining at secondary (22.53%) and university (19.01%) levels. These findings suggest that education alone does not ensure better safety outcomes, especially if it is not accompanied by sufficient supervision. Mothers without formal education may be more likely to be full-time homemakers, whereas semi-educated mothers may combine household duties with informal work, resulting in inconsistent child supervision. Conversely, educated and professionally active mothers may possess stronger planning skills and a greater awareness of safety practices. In terms of economic factors, two key variables were assessed: maternal employment and household wealth. Notably, 87.44% of accident cases involved children of unemployed mothers, compared to 12.56% involving employed mothers. While one might assume that unemployed mothers would be more present and attentive, this finding indicates that associated factors, such as poverty, limited access to information, and psychological stress, may diminish the quality of child supervision. Household living standards also demonstrated a clear pattern. Accident rates were highest among children from very poor households (23.47%), followed by those from poor (22.06), average (20.43), rich (19.37), and very rich families (14.67%). These figures reinforce the idea that material deprivation is a major contributor to risk. Poor families often live in unsafe or overcrowded housing near busy roads or degraded infrastructure and typically lack the financial capacity to provide safer alternatives. Furthermore, poverty often coincides with limited access to health education, community support services, and safety equipment. A key finding of the study is that child accidents are not random events, but rather the result of overlapping structural and contextual vulnerabilities. Risk is shaped by the interaction of multiple dimensions, including gender, age, geography, education, and income. For example, a child living in a congested urban area, born to an uneducated, unemployed mother and residing in a low-income household, is significantly more exposed than a child from a well-educated, high-income family in a secure neighbourhood. Based on these findings, the article presents several recommendations. Firstly, there is an urgent need to raise public awareness of child safety through educational campaigns on various platforms, such as the media, schools, religious centres, and community spaces. These campaigns should emphasise the importance of supervision, accident prevention strategies, and household safety. Secondly, urban infrastructure, especially in low-income areas, must be improved. This could include safer roadways, protected playgrounds, and building codes that incorporate child-friendly designs. Thirdly, greater investment is needed in maternal education, including not only formal schooling, but also practical training in parenting, safety and child development, especially in rural and underprivileged areas. Furthermore, social protection measures should target vulnerable families by providing financial support for housing improvements and access to safety equipment, such as safety gates and locks, as well as essential services, including healthcare and early childhood support. Lastly, cross-sector collaboration is essential. Government bodies, NGOs, schools and local institutions must collaborate to develop sustainable, context-sensitive frameworks that protect children from preventable harm.

In conclusion, the study highlights the complex interplay of demographic, social, and economic factors in shaping the risk of accidents among young children in Algeria. By identifying these determinants and understanding how they overlap, the study provides a basis for evidencebased, multisectoral policies aimed at reducing childhood injuries and promoting safer developmental environments. Ultimately, a shift towards proactive, integrated strategies is required to ensure that child safety becomes a national priority within Algeria’s health and social planning agendas.

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